Papers

Guilt, empathy and the ethical potential of children's literature

Barnboken - Journal of Children's Literature Research, 2012:1

The paper takes as its point of departure cognitive criticism, the direction of inquiry that investigates readers' cognitive and affective engagement with literature, partly based on recent brain research. It argues that for young readers who may not yet have developed full comprehension of fundamental moral issues and who have not attained the literary competence necessary to understand fictive characters' mental processes, representation of emotions in literature may produce a problem. Since guilt is a complex social emotion, involving a reconciliation of several contradictory goals, such representation demands well-developed empathy and advanced mind-reading skills, as well as factual knowledge of relevant legislation and understanding of moral implications of crime, guild and remorse. The paper examines these issues through a reading of two texts for young audience, Forbidden (2010), by Tabitha Suzuma, and His Dark Materials trilogy (1995-2000), by Philip Pullman. The former is totally focused on guilt, in legal as well as moral sense, experienced by two siblings who enter an incestuous relationship. In the latter, guilt is less conspicuous, yet proves on closer consideration to be a major plot engine in the protagonist Lyra's physical and spiritual quest. While Suzuma's novel has an overt educational agenda, it is ambiguous in supporting young readers' ethical position towards the protagonists' guilt. In Pullman's trilogy, guilt becomes closely connected with the fundamental philosophical issues of determinism and free will. Although Pullman does not provide any clear-cut ethical guidance either, the use of emotion discourse, or emotion ekphrasis, is more subtle, not least because the genre allows a outward projection of emotions in the form of daemons. Lyra's guilt becomes a driving engine in her maturation process. The ultimate argument of the paper is that literature provides an excellent training field for young readers' developing of empathy skills, and the vicarious experience of guilt exposes readers to a wide range of ethical questions.

Reading other people’s minds through word and image

Children's literature in education 2012:2

The articles considers how emotions can be conveyed through the interaction of word and image in picturebooks addressed to young readers. The theoretical framework employed in the article develops ideas from cognitive literary theory adapting it to the specific conditions in which there is a significant difference between the sender's and the recipient's cognitive level. The concept of emotion ekphrasis is used to demonstrate the various ways of representing emotions, and a special attention is paid to the issues of mind-reading, empathy and other aspects of recipients' affective engagement. The theoretical argument is illustrated by picturebooks by Max Velthuijs, Shaun Tan, Anthony Browne, and Maurice Sendak.

The development of children's fantasy

In: Cambridge Companion to Fantasy, edited by Farah Mendlesohn and Edward James. Cambridge University Press, 2012 ISBN 9780521728737

"I spy Rumpelstiltskin": Playing games with the reader in The Witch’s Boy

In Marvels & Tales 2011:2 (pp. 316-328) A special issue dedicated to Jacques Barchilon. DOI: 10.1353/mat.2012.0003

On re-reading The Witch’s Boy (1995) by Michael Gruber, you notice how skilfully the obvious fairy-tale intertexts are hidden, foreshadowed and successively revealed in the text, causing both a joy of recognition and an irritation of one’s failure to anticipate the apparent. While intertextuality is frequently regarded as enhancing the artistic qualities of a literary text, it is at the same time a means of manipulating readers toward specific interpretations. The eclecticism of the novel is characteristic of postmodern writing. Some intertexts are explicit, some hinted at, yet others demanding deeper acquaintance with intertexts. The reader is expected to recognize the rich layers of famous fairy tales, but these are in the novel fractured, deconstructed and reassembled in a fascinating as well as a disturbing manner. There is, further, an overarching structure that both confirms and subverts the familiar fairy-tale pattern. With the help of the various intertextual and reader-response theories, the essay will explore how the novel invites readers to participate in a game of (mis)recognition and (mis)interpretation.

“Must we to bed indeed?” Beds as cultural signifiers in picturebooks for children

New Review of Children's Literature and Librarianship 2011:2
DOI:10.1080/13614541.2011.624940

The materiality as a characteristic feature of the picturebook does not only imply its existence as an artefact, but also its ability to represent a material world through images in a more direct and immediate manner than verbal texts. This paper considers the representation of beds in picturebooks from two discreet yet closely connected perspectives: semiotics and cultural geography. The concept of place and space in a broad sense is central for the argument. Beds constitute a young child’s closest surroundings and are frequently the only private space available. At the same time, beds are areas of power struggle between child and adult, as well as a border between self and the world, private and public. The paper discusses, firstly, the physical aspects of the represented objects: their form, size, position on the page and spatial relationship to other objects and characters, which all create a sense of space. Secondly, it probes into the function of the objects, such as their cultural connotations, significance for the narrative and metaphorical implications.

Visualizing people: multimodal character construction in Astrid Lindgren’s works

In Beyond Pippi Longstocking: Intermedial and International Approaches to Astrid Lindgren's Work edited byBettina Kummerling-meibauer and Astrid Surmatz, Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-88353-5

The identification fallacy: Perspective and subjectivity in children’s literature

Telling Children's Stories: Narrative Theory and Children's Literature, ed Mike Cadden. University of Nebraska press, 2011

The title of my essay alludes to one of the seminal works of New Criticism, “The Intentional Fallacy” (Wimsatt and Beardsley 1954). Its main point is that real, flesh-and-blood authors and their presumable intentions are insignificant in considering literary works. Instead, as we know, New Criticism focused wholly on the literary work itself, speaking about the text’s intentions and also introducing the concept of the implied author, the authorial agency within the text, expressing the text’s, rather than the real author’s ideology (see e.g. Selden 1997).
In children’s literature research, the intentional fallacy has been still more tenacious than in general criticism, because of the universal belief in the children’s author’s urge to instruct and educate the reader. Still today we currently encounter statements about children’s authors as mouthpieces for socialization; and we can also come across questions, put by schoolteachers as well as empirical researchers: “What did the author want to say with this work?” The question is in fact illegitimate, since it presupposes that the author indeed wanted to say something, which, from the New Critical point of view, is of no consequence.
I would like, however, to draw our attention to yet another common fallacy, which, perhaps more than any other critical stance, reveals a striking inconsistency between children’s literature research and literacy education, demonstrating once again the notorious “literary-didactic split”. It is habitual in teaching children’s literature to children to encourage them to “identify” themselves with one of the literary characters, normally with the protagonist and/or the focalizing character, that is, adopt a fixed subject position imposed by the text. In contrast, contemporary scholarly studies, especially those leaning on narratology and reception theory, emphasize the importance of the readers’ ability to liberate themselves from the protagonists’ subjectivity in order to evaluate them properly (see Stephens 1992, 47-83). This ability is an essential part of reading competence, which facilitates sophisticated readers’ ideological and aesthetic understanding of the text.

Time of Turmoil

Introduction to CONTEMPORARY ADOLESCENT LITERATURE AND
CULTURE: THE EMERGENT ADULT edited by Mary Hilton and Maria Nikolajeva. Ashgate (in print)

Beyond Happily Ever After: The Aesthetic Dilemma of Sequels

In Textual transformations, edited by Benjamin Levfebre, Routledge 2012

The recent publication of David Benedictus’s Return to the Hundred Acre Wood (2009), the controversial sequel to A.A. Milne’s famous children’s classic Winnie-the-Pooh (1926), has renewed the ongoing critical debate on one of the prominent features of children’s literature: its obsession with sequels. Apart from commercial reasons, it has been frequently claimed that children enjoy repetition and predictability. This chapter discusses the artistic premises for series, sequels, and prequels, illustrating the argument with a number of contemporary “quels” to classic children’s novels such as Anne of Green Gables, The Wind in the Willows, and Peter Pan.

Finns det gränser för barnlitteratur?

(Are there boundaries for children's literature?) Review of Åse Marie Ommundsen: Litterære grenseoverskridelser. Nar grensene mellom barne- og voksenlitteraturen viskes ut. Barnelitterært forskningstidsskrift/Nordic Journal of ChildLit Aesthetics. Vol. 2, 2011

Åse Marie Ommundsen's PdD thesis Literary transgressions: When boundaries between children's and adult literature are blurred contributes to the explosive recent development of picturebook studies and is one of the first of its kind in Norway. Ommundsen argues that contemporary Norwegian children's literature, particularly picturebooks, has grown more complex and norm-breaking, approaching the marginal zone of “literature for all ages”. The thesis is a challenging piece of scholarship, with a broad scope of material and an interesting eclectic theoretical platform. It shows that with the current level of sophistication of children's books it is no longer fruitful to distinguish between children's and adult literature on the grounds of complexity, but only through their implied audience. Although some theoretical and methodological stances of the thesis can be questioned, it is in the first place valuable through generating considerable new knowledge and making connections between the previously unrelated facts.

Adult Heroism and Role Models in the Harry Potter Novels

In Heroism in the Harry Potter Series. Eds. Katrin Berndt and Lena Steveker.
Farnham: Ashgate, 2011: pp. 193-205. ISBN 978 1 4094 1244 1

Translation and crosscultural reception

in: Handbook of research on children’s and young adult literature, ed Karen Coats et al, New York, Routledge, 2010

"The Stuff from which Dreams are Made": Om George MacDonalds esoteriska romaner

In: Förborgade tecken: Esoterism i västerländsk litteratur, ed. Per Faxness and Mattias Fyhr. 2010.

The text is in Swedish.

The article discusses the two novels by George MacDonald, Phantastes and Lilith, based on the definition of esoterism. It investigates the construction of esoteric spaces and the inadequacy of language to convey the esoteric experience, as felt by the protagonists.

What do we translate when we translate children’s literature

in: Beyond Babar. The European tradition in children’s literature, ed. Sandra Beckett & Maria Nikolajeva, Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow, 2006.

Please see information under Books

Voice, gender and alterity in George MacDonald's fairy tales

in: "The Noble Unrest": Contemporary Essays on the Work of George MacDonald, ed. Jean Webb, Newcastle, Cambridge Scholar Press, 2007

A misunderstood tragedy. Astrid Lindgren’s Pippi books

in: Beyond Babar. The European tradition in children’s literature, ed. Sandra Beckett & Maria Nikolajeva, Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow, 2006

Please see information under Books

Theory, Post-Theory, and Aetonormative Theory

Neohelicon: Acta Comparationis Litterarum Universalum, 2009

Reprinted in Literacy Teaching and Learning edited by Dominic Wyse, Sage, 2011 ISBN: 978-0-85702-507-4

Harry Potter and the Secrets of Children's Literature

In Harry Potter's world: Multidisciplinary critical perspectives, ed. Elizabeth Heilman, New York, Routledge, 2008

NOTE: this is a completely new article as compared to the first edition of the book

Harry Potter—A Return to the Romantic Hero

In Harry Potter's World: Multidisciplinary Critical Perspectives, ed. Elizabeth Heilman. New York: Routledge, pp. 125-140.

Download (.pdf) View on langlab.wayne.edu

The Changing Aesthetics of Character In Children's Fiction

Style 35 (2001) 3. pp. 430-453

Reprinted in Children’s Literature: Critical Concepts in Literary and Cultural Studies, ed. Peter Hunt, vol 3, London, Routledge, pp. 391-415.

Children's Literature As a Cultural Code: A Semiotic Approach to History

In: Aspects and Issues in the History of Children's Literature, ed. Maria Nikolajeva. Greenwood, 1995. Proceedings of the IRSCL conference in Salamanca, Spain.

Children's, Adult, Human…?”

In: Transcending Boundaries: Writing for a Dual Audience of Children and Adults, edited by Sandra Beckett. New York, Routledge, 2002

Growing Up: the Dilemma of Children's Literature

in: Children's literature as communication, ed Roger Sell, Amsterdam: John Benjamin, 2002. Slovenian translation Odraščanje. Dilema otroške književnosti, Otrok in kniga 2004:59

Andersen, Hans Christian

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Children’s Literature, ed Jack Zipes, New York, Oxford UP, 2006

A Room of One's Own: The Advantage and Dilemma of Finno-Swedish Children's Literature

in: Text, culture and national identity in children's literature, ed Jean Webb, Helsinki, Nordinfo, 2000

Co-authored with Janina Orlov

Fantasy Literature and Fairy Tales

The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales, ed Donald Haase, Westport Conn., Greenwood, 2008

" When I Use a Word It Means Just What I Choose It to Mean: Power and (mis)communication in literature for young readers”

In Humane Readings, Finch, Jason, Martin Gill, Anthony Johnson, Iris Lindahl-Raittila, Inna Lindgren, Tuija Virtanen and Brita Wårvik (eds.), 77–87.

Auktoritära män och otillförlitliga kvinnor: Genus och berättande

(”Authoritatve men and unrealiable women. Gender and narration”), in: Berättaren: En gäckande röst i texten, ed. Lars-Åke Skalin, Örebro: Universitetsbiblioteket, 2003

Børnelitteratur: kunst, pædagogik og magt

(”Children’s literature: art, pedagogy and power”), in: På opdagelse i børnelitteraturen, ed Nina Christensen & Anna Karlskov Skyggebjerg, Copenhagen, Høst, 2005

Janne min vän - en väg utan återvändo

(“Johnny my friend - beyond the point of no return”), in: Forankring och fornying. Den nordiske ungdomsromanen ed Eli Flatekval. Oslo, Cappelen, 1999 

Det självutlämnande jaget: Den fiktiva dagboken i barn- och ungdomslitteratur

(”The self-exposing I: Fictive diaries in children's literature), in: Det gåtfulla folket, ed Maria Andersson and Elina Druker, Lund, Studentlitteratur, 2008

Astrid Lindgren

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Children’s Literature, ed Jack Zipes, New York, Oxford UP, 2006

Tove Jansson

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Children’s Literature, ed Jack Zipes, New York, Oxford UP, 2006

Harry Potter och barnlitteraturens hemligheter

(“Harry Potter and the secrets of children’s literature), Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap 2003:4

Strindberg through the eyes of the Russian critics

in: Strindberg: The Moscow papers, ed. Michael Robinson. Stockholm: Strindberg Society publications, 1998

 

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